Truncating loopy tensor networks by zero-mode gauge fixing: the $Z_2$ lattice gauge theory at finite temperature

Loopy tensor networks exhibit internal correlations that often render their compression inefficient. We show that even local bond optimization can more effectively exploit locally available information about relevant loop correlations. By cutting a bond, we define a set of states whose linear dependence can be identified through a zero mode of the states’ metric tensor and used to truncate the bond dimension. In the absence of an exact zero mode, a linear combination of a small number of the lowest modes can instead be optimized to provide the optimal approximation to a zero mode. The truncation does not require prior gauge fixing. The method is applied to the two-dimensional finite-temperature $Z_2$ lattice gauge theory, whose thermal-state purification is represented by an infinite projected entangled-pair state (iPEPS).