Frustration of harmonic and solitonic helimagnetism on the body-centered tetragonal lattice of GdAlSi

The triangular lattice antiferromagnet (TLAF) with nearest-neighbor exchange interaction is a model platform in the field of frustrated magnetism. Here, anharmonic (up-up-down') and harmonic (120 degree’) magnetic states compete, because the fundamental helimagnetic wave and its higher harmonic are degenerate in energy. We show that a body-centered tetragonal lattice (BCTL) can realize a similar frustration of harmonic and anharmonic helimagnetic states, and that the tetragonal magnetic Weyl semimetal GdAlSi realizes this scenario. In an applied magnetic field, resonant elastic X-ray scattering reveals a competition of harmonic cycloidal and solitonic double-Q states, well consistent with mean-field calculations. Our work provides a new paradigm for frustration physics in BCTL materials.