Play and Learn: Gamified Feedback for Ultrasound-Guided Catheter Insertion Training in Virtual Reality

VR is widely used in procedural medical training, but many simulators prioritize realism over formative feedback. We developed a gamified VR simulator for ultrasound-guided peripheral IV catheter insertion, using aligned visual and auditory feedback such as progress indicators, guidance, and rewards. In studies with novices (N=24) and clinicians (N=12), gamification reduced task time, improved usability, and lowered workload. Qualitative results showed clearer goals and greater confidence for novices, and improved pacing for experts. Overall, gamification can provide effective formative feedback in VR medical training.