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For events and , we have whenever all four quantities are defined. In other words, is evidence for if and only if is evidence for . This note gives seven different proofs of this fact – by cross-multiplication, covariance, coupling parameters, odds ratios, pointwise mutual information, combinatorial double counting, and mixed discrete derivatives – and develops a surrounding web of interpretations. Once the marginals and are fixed, a table has only one degree of freedom, so every scalar notion of positive association must be governed by the same signed parameter.

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