Learning Motion Skills with Adaptive Assistive Curriculum Force in Humanoid Robots

Learning policies for complex humanoid tasks remains both challenging and compelling. Inspired by how infants and athletes rely on external support–such as parental walkers or coach-applied guidance–to acquire skills like walking, dancing, and performing acrobatic flips, we propose A2CF: Adaptive Assistive Curriculum Force for humanoid motion learning. A2CF trains a dual-agent system, in which a dedicated assistive force agent applies state-dependent forces to guide the robot through difficult initial motions and gradually reduces assistance as the robot’s proficiency improves. Across three benchmarks–bipedal walking, choreographed dancing, and backflip–A2CF achieves convergence 30% faster than baseline methods, lowers failure rates by over 40%, and ultimately produces robust, support-free policies. Real-world experiments further demonstrate that adaptively applied assistive forces significantly accelerate the acquisition of complex skills in high-dimensional robotic control.