Source-Free Detection and Impact Analysis of Compiler Optimization Problems in Mobile Applications

Mobile apps frequently suffer from performance issues such as frame drops, overheating, and excessive power consumption. While developers optimize algorithms and debug code, a critical bottleneck often goes unnoticed: native libraries compiled with low optimization levels (O0/O1 instead of O2/O3). Because these libraries execute without functional errors, the resulting performance degradation remains hidden in production apps, affecting millions of users. We present $\text{textsc}OptDetect$, a source-free framework that detects compiler optimization problems directly from app binaries without requiring source code or build metadata. $\text{textsc}OptDetect$ handles mixed optimization levels within a single binary through a pipeline of binary disassembly, chunk-level classification, and weighted score aggregation, achieving 93.0% accuracy on controlled datasets and 81.9% on real-world datasets. Applying $\text{textsc}OptDetect$ to 21,972 native libraries from 830 top-ranked Google Play apps, we find that 30.5% of libraries use low optimization levels, affecting 91.7% of apps. Through case studies on 12 production apps (6 commercial, 6 open-source), we demonstrate that fixing detected issues reduces CPU instructions by 10-63% (median: 20.5%) for commercial apps and 15-58% (median: 32%) for open-source apps, with performance complaints decreasing by a median of 42% and ratings increasing by a median of 0.14 points. Further investigation reveals a previously overlooked root cause: widely-used third-party libraries are themselves distributed at low optimization levels, with 49.7% of 1,073 libraries in a major repository exhibiting this problem. These findings highlight the need for automated detection tools and industry-wide optimization standards.