Resolving the Hubble Tension in the Early Dark Energy Framework with JWST and DESI Data

In the JWST and DESI era, the JWST high-redshift galaxy observations and DESI baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements severely challenge the standard $\mathrm{\Lambda }$CDM model, while the $H_0$ tension becomes increasingly prominent. In this work, we investigate the capability of the early dark energy (EDE) model to alleviate the $H_0$ tension utilizing cosmic microwave background data from Planck, ACT, and SPT, BAO data from DESI, and ultraviolet luminosity function observations from the JWST. Within the canonical axion EDE framework, the CMB+DESI+JWST data significantly increase the $H_0$ value to $71.58\pm 1.05\mathrm{k}\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{p}{\mathrm{c}}^{-1}$, alleviating the $H_0$ tension to the $1.0\sigma$ level. Simultaneously, this model improves the fit to the JWST data and exhibits statistical performance significantly better than the $\mathrm{\Lambda }$CDM model, with $\mathrm{\Delta }{\chi }_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}^2=-18.26$ and $\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{C}=-11.89$. Our results highlight the complementary advantages of JWST high-redshift galaxy data alongside early- and late-time observations in testing EDE and alleviating the $H_0$ tension.