The Persistence of Retracted Papers on Wikipedia

Wikipedia serves as a key infrastructure for public access to scientific knowledge, but it faces challenges in maintaining the credibility of cited sources–especially when scientific papers are retracted. This paper investigates how citations to retracted research are handled on English Wikipedia. We construct a novel dataset that integrates Wikipedia revision histories with metadata from Retraction Watch, Crossref, Altmetric, and OpenAlex, identifying 1,181 citations of retracted papers. We find that 71.6% of the citations were initially problematic and in need of reader-facing repair, defined as those added before the paper’s retraction (51.5%) or introduced afterwards without proper warning (20.1%). While many are eventually corrected, our analysis reveals that these citations persist for a median of 3.68 years (1,344 days). Through survival analysis, we find that bot-mediated flagging (RetractionBot), open access availability, pre-existing online visibility (e.g., Twitter/X mention counts), and page-level organization (e.g., number of categories on a Wikipedia page) are associated with a higher hazard of correction. Conversely, a paper’s established scholarly authority–a higher academic citation count–is associated with a slower time to correction. Our findings highlight how the Wikipedia community supports collaborative maintenance but leaves gaps in citation-level repair. We contribute to CSCW research by advancing our understanding of this sociotechnical vulnerability, which takes the form of a community coordination challenge, and by offering design directions to support citation credibility at scale.