Sharp Gradient Stability for the Sobolev Trace Inequality

Let $n\ge 3$ and $1<p<n$. We prove a quantitative stability estimate for the critical Sobolev trace inequality on the upper half-space. More precisely, the Sobolev trace deficit controls the $\max \{2,p\}$-th power of the gradient distance to the manifold of trace bubbles. A central part of the proof is the spectral nondegeneracy of the trace bubbles: the first two eigenspaces of the linearized weighted Steklov problem are exactly the amplitude, dilation, and tangential translation modes.