Unknotting number, ribbon concordance, and singular instantons

We use equivariant singular instanton Floer theory with the Chern–Simons filtration to obstruct same-sign unknotting operations. We show that, for a large class of slice knots obtained through ribbon concordance, any unknotting sequence of null-homologous twists must contain both signs. The same method gives a $3$–manifold analogue, obstructing certain homology $3$–spheres from surgery on a knot and providing evidence for the monotonicity of the Dehn surgery number under ribbon homology cobordism.