Does it pay to optimize AUC?

The Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) is an important model metric for evaluating binary classifiers, and many algorithms have been proposed to optimize AUC approximately. It raises the question of whether the generally insignificant gains observed by previous studies are due to inherent limitations of the metric or the inadequate quality of optimization. To better understand the value of optimizing for AUC, we present an efficient algorithm, namely AUC-opt, to find the provably optimal AUC linear classifier in ${\mathbb{R}}^2$, which runs in $\mathcal{O}(n_{+}{n}_{-}\log (n_{+}{n}_{-}))$ where $n_{+}$ and $n_{-}$ are the number of positive and negative samples respectively. Furthermore, it can be naturally extended to ${\mathbb{R}}^d$ in $\mathcal{O}((n_{+}{n}_{-}{)}^{d-1}\log (n_{+}{n}_{-}))$ by calling AUC-opt in lower-dimensional spaces recursively. We prove the problem is NP-complete when $d$ is not fixed, reducing from the $\mathit{\text{open}}\mathit{\text{hemisphere}}\mathit{\text{problem}}$. Experiments show that compared with other methods, AUC-opt achieves statistically significant improvements on between 17 to 40 in ${\mathbb{R}}^2$ and between 4 to 42 in ${\mathbb{R}}^3$ of 50 t-SNE training datasets. However, generally the gain proves insignificant on most testing datasets compared to the best standard classifiers. Similar observations are found for nonlinear AUC methods under real-world datasets.