Resolving game theoretical dilemmas with quantum states

We present a new framework for creating a quantum version of a classical game, based on Fine’s theorem. This theorem shows that for a given set of marginals, a system of Bell’s inequalities constitutes both necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the corresponding joint probability distribution. Using Fine’s theorem, we re-express both the player payoffs and their strategies in terms of a set of marginals, thus paving the way for the consideration of sets of marginals – corresponding to entangled quantum states – for which no corresponding joint probability distribution may exist. By harnessing quantum states and employing Positive Operator-Valued Measures (POVMs), we then consider particular quantum states that can potentially resolve dilemmas inherent in classical games.