Algebraic cobordism and a Conner-Floyd isomorphism for algebraic K-theory

We formulate and prove a Conner-Floyd isomorphism for the algebraic K-theory of arbitrary qcqs derived schemes. To that end, we study a stable $\mathrm{\infty }$-category of non-${\mathbb{A}}^1$-invariant motivic spectra, which turns out to be equivalent to the $\mathrm{\infty }$-category of fundamental motivic spectra satisfying elementary blowup excision, previously introduced by the first and third authors. We prove that this $\mathrm{\infty }$-category satisfies ${\mathbb{P}}^1$-homotopy invariance and weighted ${\mathbb{A}}^1$-homotopy invariance, which we use in place of ${\mathbb{A}}^1$-homotopy invariance to obtain analogues of several key results from ${\mathbb{A}}^1$-homotopy theory. These allow us in particular to define a universal oriented motivic ${\mathbb{E}}_{\mathrm{\infty }}$-ring spectrum $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{L}$. We then prove that the algebraic K-theory of a qcqs derived scheme $X$ can be recovered from its $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{L}$-cohomology via a Conner-Floyd isomorphism $${\mathrm{M}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{L}}^{\ast \ast }(X){\otimes }_{\mathrm{L}}\mathbb{Z}[{\beta }^{\pm 1}]\simeq {\mathrm{K}}^{\ast \ast }(X),$$ where $\mathrm{L}$ is the Lazard ring and ${\mathrm{K}}^{p,q}(X)={\mathrm{K}}_{2q-p}(X)$. Finally, we prove a Snaith theorem for the periodized version of $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{L}$.