Infinite Derivatives vs Integral Operators. The Moeller-Zwiebach Puzzle

We study the relationship between integral and infinite-derivative operators. In particular, we examine the operator $p^{\frac{1}{2}{\mathrm{\partial }}_t^2}$ that appears in the theory of $p$-adic string fields, as well as the Moyal product that arises in non-commutative theories. We also attempt to clarify the apparent paradox presented by Moeller and Zwiebach, which highlights the discrepancy between them.