Andrej N. Kolmogorov's in front of the affaire Lysenko: an episode in mathematics and ideology in the 20th century

In this paper the context of the 1940 mathematical paper by Kolmogorov on Mendel’s laws of genetics is considered, also thanks to a recent study by Stark and Seneta (2011). Kolmogorov’s vision of the relationship between mathematics and science in the understanding of the natural world appears to have encouraged him in tacking part in the discussions around Mendelism in while Lysenko’s position against it was becoming the only permissible for Soviet Union biologists.