Scaling properties of background- and chiral-magnetically-driven charge separation: evidence for detection of the chiral magnetic effect in heavy ion collisions

The scaling properties of the $R_{{\mathrm{\Psi }}_2}(\mathrm{\Delta }S)$ correlator and the $\mathrm{\Delta }\gamma$ correlator are used to investigate a possible chiral-magnetically-driven (CME) charge separation in $p$+Au, $d$+Au, Ru+Ru, Zr+Zr, and Au+Au collisions at ${\sqrt{s}}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{N}}=200$~GeV, and in $p$+Pb (${\sqrt{s}}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{N}}=5.02$~TeV) and Pb+Pb collisions at ${\sqrt{s}}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{N}}=5.02$ and $2.76$~TeV. The results for $p$+Au, $d$+Au, $p$+Pb, and Pb+Pb collisions, show the $1\mathrm{/}{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}$ scaling for background-driven charge separation. However, the results for Au+Au, Ru+Ru, and Zr+Zr collisions show scaling violations which indicate a CME contribution in the presence of a large background. In mid-central collisions, the CME accounts for approximately 27% of the signal + background in Au+Au and roughly a factor of two smaller for Ru+Ru and Zr+Zr, which show similar magnitudes.