Harmonic measures and rigidity for surface group actions on the circle

We study rigidity properties of actions of a torsion-free lattice of $\mathrm{PSU}(1,1)$ on the circle $S^1$. We follow the approaches of Frankel and Thurston proposed in preprints via foliated harmonic measures on the suspension bundles. Our main results are a curvature estimate and a Gauss–Bonnet formula for the $S^1$ connection obtained by taking the average of the flat connection with respect to a harmonic measure. As consequences, we give a precise description of the harmonic measure on suspension foliations with maximal Euler number and an alternative proof of rigidity theorems of Matsumoto and Burger–Iozzi–Wienhard.