Detection of the papermilling behavior

Based on the analysis of the data obtainable from the Web of Science publication and citation database, typical signs of possible papermilling behavior are described, quantified, and illustrated by examples. A MATLAB function is provided for the analysis of the outputs from the Web of Science. A new quantitative indicator – integrity index, or I-index – is proposed for using it along with standard bibliographic and scientometric indicators. A case study is presented.