Quasi-stationary distributions for subcritical branching Markov chains

Consider a subcritical branching Markov chain. Let $Z_n$ denote the counting measure of particles of generation $n$. Under some conditions, we give a probabilistic proof for the existence of the Yaglom limit of $(Z_n{)}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ by the moment method, based on the spinal decomposition and the many-to-few formula. As a result, we give explicit integral representations of all quasi-stationary distributions of $(Z_n{)}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$, whose proofs are direct and probabilistic, and don’t rely on Martin boundary theory.