Enhanced second harmonic generation in high-$Q$ all-dielectric metasurfaces with backward frequency conversion

Here we employ the quasi-bound state in the continuum (quasi-BIC) resonance in all-dielectric metasurfaces for efficient nonlinear processes in consideration of the backward frequency conversion. We theoretically study the second-harmonic generation (SHG) from symmetry-broken AlGaAs metasurfaces and reveal the efficiency enhancement empowered by high-$Q$ quasi-BIC resonances. By introducing the correction term of nonlinear polarization at the fundamental wave field to the conventional undepleted approximation, we uncover the effect of backward frequency conversion on the nonlinear conversation efficiency. The SHG efficiency as $2.45\times {10}^{-2}$ with the developed depleted model, shows a $14.3\mathrm{\%}$ decrease compared with $2.86\times {10}^{-2}$ in conventional undepleted approximation, under the incident intensity of 10 MW/cm${}^2$. Our results are of significant importance for designing efficient nonlinear metasurfaces supporting high-$Q$ resonances.