Sums of powers of integers and the sequence A304330

For integer $k\ge 1$, let $S_k(n)$ denote the sum of the $k$th powers of the first $n$ positive integers. In this paper, we derive a new formula expressing $2^{2k}$ times $S_{2k}(n)$ as a sum of $k$ terms involving the numbers in the $k$th row of the integer sequence A304330, which is closely related to the central factorial numbers with even indices of the second kind. Furthermore, we provide an alternative proof of Knuth’s formula for $S_{2k}(n)$ and show that it can equally be expressed in terms of A304330. Moreover, we obtain corresponding formulas for $2^{2k-1}{S}_{2k-1}(n)$ and determine the Faulhaber form of both $S_{2k}(n)$ and $S_{2k+1}(n)$ in terms of A304330 and the Legendre-Stirling numbers of the first kind.