Anisotropy Scaling Functions in Heavy-Ion Collisions: Insights into the `Ultra-Central Flow Puzzle' and Constraints on Transport Coefficients and Nuclear Deformation

Anisotropy scaling functions derived from comprehensive measurements of transverse momentum- and centrality-dependent anisotropy coefficients $v_2(p_T,\text{cent})$ and $v_3(p_T,\text{cent})$ in Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 and 2.76 TeV, Xe+Xe collisions at 5.44 TeV and Au+Au collisions at 0.2 TeV, offer new insights into the `ultra-central flow puzzle.’ These functions integrate diverse measurements into a single curve, clarifying anisotropy attenuation throughout the entire $p_T$ and centrality range. They reveal the influence of initial-state eccentricities (${\epsilon }_n$), dimensionless size ($\mathbb{R}$), radial flow, viscous correction to the thermal distribution function (${\delta }_f$), the medium’s stopping power ($\text{Hat}q$), and specific shear viscosity ($\eta \mathrm{/}s$) on the observed anisotropies. This analysis not only enhances understanding of transport coefficients but also provides crucial constraints on nuclear deformation.