On R-trees, homotopies, and covering maps

A map $p:E\to X$ has the \emph{unique path lifting} property if every path in $X$, after a choice of an initial point, lifts uniquely to a path in $E$. We prove that if a group $G$ acts on an $\mathbb{R}$-tree $T$ such that the quotient map $p:T\to T\mathrm{/}G$ has the unique path lifting property, then the quotient space $T\mathrm{/}G$ does not contain a disc. As a consequence, we show that every map of manifolds with the unique path lifting property is a covering map. The proof requires a study of one-dimensional backtracking in paths. We show the surprising and counterintuitive result that the equivalence relation given by homotopies of paths rel. endpoints is generated by inserting and deleting one-dimensional backtracking.