Characterization and dynamics of certain classes of polynomial vector fields on the torus

In this paper, we classify all polynomial vector fields in ${\mathbb{R}}^3$ of degree up to three such that their flow makes the torus $${\mathbb{T}}^2=\{(x,y,z)\in {\mathbb{R}}^3:(x^2+y^2-a^2{)}^2+z^2-1=0\}witha\in (1,\mathrm{\infty })$$ invariant. We also classify cubic Kolmogorov vector fields on ${\mathbb{T}}^2$ and prove that they exhibit a rational first integral. We study `pseudo-type-$n$’ vector fields on ${\mathbb{T}}^2$ and show that any such vector field is completely integrable. We prove that the Lie bracket of any two quadratic vector fields on ${\mathbb{T}}^2$ is completely integrable. We explicitly find all cubic vector fields on ${\mathbb{T}}^2$ which achieve the sharp bounds for the number of invariant meridians and parallels. We present necessary and sufficient conditions when invariant meridians and parallels of cubic vector fields on ${\mathbb{T}}^2$ are periodic orbits or limit cycles. We discuss invariant meridians and parallels of pseudo-type-$n$ vector fields as well. Moreover, we characterize the singular points of a class of polynomial vector fields on ${\mathbb{T}}^2$.