Testing the cosmological Poisson equation in a model-independent way

We show how one can test the cosmological Poisson equation by requiring only the validity of three main assumptions: the energy-momentum conservation equations of matter, the equivalence principle, and the cosmological principle. We first point out that one can only measure the combination $\mathcal{M}\equiv {\mathrm{\Omega }}_m^{(0)}\mu$, where $\mu$ quantifies the deviation of the Poisson equation from the standard one and ${\mathrm{\Omega }}_m^{(0)}$ is the fraction of matter density at present. Then we employ a recent model-independent forecast for the growth rate $f(z)$ and the expansion rate $E(z)$ to obtain constraints on $\mathcal{M}$ for a survey that approximates a combination of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) and Euclid. We conclude that a constant $\mathcal{M}$ can be measured with a relative error ${\sigma }_{\mathcal{M}}=4.5\mathrm{\%}$, while if $\mathcal{M}$ is arbitrarily varying in redshift, it can be measured only to within $13.4\mathrm{\%}$ (1 $\sigma$ c.l.) at redshift $z=0.9$, and 15-22% up to $z=1.5$. We also project our constraints on some parametrizations of $\mathcal{M}$ proposed in literature, while still maintaining model-independence for the background expansion, the power spectrum shape, and the non-linear corrections. Generally speaking, as expected, we find much weaker model-independent constraints than found so far for such models. This means that the cosmological Poisson equation remains quite open to various alternative gravity and dark energy models.