New physics at the Intensity Frontier: how much can we learn and how?

Intensity Frontier experiments are often evaluated by the smallest coupling it can probe, irrespective of what particle can be found or the scientific significance of its detection. In this work, we propose a new framework that determines the number of events required to characterize new particle properties. For example, we show that Heavy Neutral Leptons require 100 events to establish the neutrino mass hierarchy, and 1000 events to reveal the Majorana phase of active neutrinos. Ultimately, this framework presents a more objective way to connect experiments to their scientific outcomes.