Low-mass bursty galaxies in JADES efficiently produce ionising photons and could represent the main drivers of reionisation

We study galaxies in JADES Deep to study the evolution of the ionising photon production efficiency, ${\xi }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}$, observed to increase with redshift. We estimate ${\xi }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}$ for a sample of 677 galaxies at $z\sim 4-9$ using NIRCam photometry. Specifically, combinations of the medium and wide bands F335M-F356W and F410M-F444W to constrain emission lines that trace ${\xi }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}$: H$\alpha$ and [OIII]. Additionally, we use the spectral energy distribution fitting code $\mathtt{\text{Prospector}}$ to fit all available photometry and infer galaxy properties. The flux measurements obtained via photometry are consistent with FRESCO and NIRSpec-derived fluxes. Moreover, the emission-line-inferred measurements are in tight agreement with the $\mathtt{\text{Prospector}}$ estimates. We also confirm the observed ${\xi }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}$ trend with redshift and M${}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{V}}$, and find: $\log {\xi }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}(z,{\text{M}}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{V}})=(0.05\pm 0.02)z+(0.11\pm 0.02){\text{M}}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{V}}+(27.33\pm 0.37)$. We use $\mathtt{\text{Prospector}}$ to investigate correlations of ${\xi }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}$ with other galaxy properties. We see a clear correlation between ${\xi }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}$ and burstiness in the star formation history of galaxies, given by the ratio of recent to older star formation, where burstiness is more prevalent at lower stellar masses. We also convolve our ${\xi }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}$ relations with luminosity functions from the literature, and constant escape fractions of 10 and 20%, to place constraints on the cosmic ionising photon budget. By combining our results, we find that if our sample is representative of the faint low-mass galaxy population, galaxies with bursty star formation are efficient enough in producing ionising photons and could be responsible for the reionisation of the Universe.