Cosmic string gravitational wave backgrounds at LISA: I. Signal survey, template reconstruction, and model comparison

We present a catalog of gravitational wave background (GWB) signal templates from cosmic-string networks, based on relevant models proposed in the literature. We classify templates as conventional, based on standard cosmology and Nambu-Goto results (VOS and BOS), and beyond conventional, based on modifications of a) the loop number density (LRS, super, metastable, current-carrying strings), b) the expansion history (non-standard cosmologies, extra degrees of freedom, either thermal or secluded), or c) the loop properties (birth length, power emission). Using the SBI package $\mathtt{\text{GWBackFinder}}$, we quantify the reconstruction precision of each signal by LISA, scanning over their parameter space, and performing model comparisons. For conventional signals, LISA reconstructs the tension $G\mu$ with an error $\lesssim 10\mathrm{\%}$ for $G\mu \gtrsim 5\cdot {10}^{-15}$, which decreases down to $2-3\mathrm{\%}$ for $G\mu \gtrsim {10}^{-12}$. BOS and VOS modelings become distinguishable confidently for $G\mu \gtrsim 5\cdot {10}^{-13}$. For beyond-conventional signals, we identify SNR and error-threshold intervals for each parameter, and determine (for few examples) the regions where they can be distinguished from conventional signals. Analogous quality reconstruction studies of cosmic-string GWBs, superimposed over leading astrophysical foregrounds in the LISA window, will be presented in a series of upcoming papers.