A 20-Year Retrospective on Power and Thermal Modeling and Management

As processor performance advances, increasing power densities and complex thermal behaviors threaten both energy efficiency and system reliability. This survey covers more than two decades of research on power and thermal modeling and management in modern processors. We start by comparing analytical, regression-based, and neural network-based techniques for power estimation, then review thermal modeling methods, including finite element, finite difference, and data-driven approaches. Next, we categorize dynamic runtime management strategies that balance performance, power consumption, and reliability. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of emerging challenges and promising research directions.