New constructions and invariants of closed exotic 4-manifolds

In this article, we give new means of constructing and distinguishing closed exotic four-manifolds. Using Heegaard Floer homology, we define new closed four-manifold invariants that are distinct from the Seiberg–Witten and Bauer–Furuta invariants and can remain distinct in covers. Our constructions include exotic definite manifolds with fundamental group $\mathbb{Z}\mathrm{/}2$, infinite families of exotic manifolds that are related by knot surgeries on Alexander polynomial 1 knots, and exotic manifolds that contain square-zero spheres.