Stepwise Decomposition and Dual-stream Focus: A Novel Approach for Training-free Camouflaged Object Segmentation

While promptable segmentation ($\mathit{\text{e.g.}}$, SAM) has shown promise for various segmentation tasks, it still requires manual visual prompts for each object to be segmented. In contrast, task-generic promptable segmentation aims to reduce the need for such detailed prompts by employing only a task-generic prompt to guide segmentation across all test samples. However, when applied to Camouflaged Object Segmentation (COS), current methods still face two critical issues: 1) $\mathit{\text{semantic}}\mathit{\text{ambiguity}}\mathit{\text{in}}\mathit{\text{getting}}\mathit{\text{instance-specific}}\mathit{\text{text}}\mathit{\text{prompts}}$, which arises from insufficient discriminative cues in holistic captions, leading to foreground-background confusion; 2) $\mathit{\text{semantic}}\mathit{\text{discrepancy}}\mathit{\text{combined}}\mathit{\text{with}}\mathit{\text{spatial}}\mathit{\text{separation}}\mathit{\text{in}}\mathit{\text{getting}}\mathit{\text{instance-specific}}\mathit{\text{visual}}\mathit{\text{prompts}}$, which results from global background sampling far from object boundaries with low feature correlation, causing SAM to segment irrelevant regions. To address the issues above, we propose $\mathbf{\text{RDVP-MSD}}$, a novel training-free test-time adaptation framework that synergizes $\mathbf{\text{R}}$egion-constrained $\mathbf{\text{D}}$ual-stream $\mathbf{\text{V}}$isual $\mathbf{\text{P}}$rompting (RDVP) via $\mathbf{\text{M}}$ultimodal $\mathbf{\text{S}}$tepwise $\mathbf{\text{D}}$ecomposition Chain of Thought (MSD-CoT). MSD-CoT progressively disentangles image captions to eliminate semantic ambiguity, while RDVP injects spatial constraints into visual prompting and independently samples visual prompts for foreground and background points, effectively mitigating semantic discrepancy and spatial separation. Without requiring any training or supervision, RDVP-MSD achieves a state-of-the-art segmentation result on multiple COS benchmarks and delivers a faster inference speed than previous methods, demonstrating significantly improved accuracy and efficiency. The codes will be available at \href{https://github.com/ycyinchao/RDVP-MSD}{https://github.com/ycyinchao/RDVP-MSD}