Ultrafast electron dynamics upon above band-gap excitation in epitaxial LaFeO${}_3$(001) thin films

Strong electron correlations in perovskite oxides give rise to rich and often unexpected electronic phenomena. In this study, we present a comprehensive surface-science investigation of epitaxial thin films of the charge-transfer insulator LaFeO${}_3$(001). The characterization includes low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and photoemission spectroscopy. We map both the occupied and unoccupied electronic states using two-photon photoemission (2PPE) spectroscopy. Furthermore, we probe electron dynamics through an ultraviolet-ultraviolet (UV-UV) pump-probe experiment, exciting electrons from hybridized O~$2p$/Fe $3d$ states to Fe minority-spin states above the band gap. Our results reveal three distinct unoccupied states, which we assign to Fe $t_{2g\downarrow }$, Fe $e_{g\downarrow }$, and La $5d$ orbitals. Notably, the conduction band minimum exhibits a biexponential decay with time constants of 39,fs and 1100,fs, suggesting the presence of two independent decay pathways.