Computing Periodic Billiard Orbits in $L^p$ Balls via Newton's Method and Smale's $\alpha$-Criterion

We present a computational method for finding and verifying periodic billiard orbits in $L^p$ balls ($p>2$) using Newton’s method applied to a variational formulation. The orbits are verified with Smale’s alpha-criterion, which provides a rigorous certificate of existence. We implement efficient batched computations in JAX and present systematic results for various $p$ and bounce counts $N$. Our experiments reveal striking patterns in the critical-point structure, including a predominance of specific Morse signatures and rotation numbers that depend on the parity and primality of $N$. Notably, our method routinely finds many more than the two periodic orbits per rotation number guaranteed by Birkhoff’s theorem – a large-scale run with five bounces in the $L^3$ ball produced 8,927 distinct certified orbits from 30,000 random seeds, uncovering power-law growth and intricate clustering visualised with UMAP.