Dynamics of light nuclei produced in the massive transfer reactions

Within the framework of the dinuclear system (DNS) model by implementing the cluster transfer into the dissipation process, we systematically investigated the energy spectra and the angular distribution of the preequilibrium clusters (n, p, d, t, ${}^3$He, $\alpha$, ${}^{6,7}$Li, ${}^{8,9}$Be) in the massive transfer reactions of ${}^{12}$C+${}^{209}$Bi, ${}^{14}$N+${}^{159}$Tb, ${}^{14}$N+${}^{169}$Tm, ${}^{14}$N+${}^{181}$Ta, ${}^{14}$N+${}^{197}$Au, ${}^{14}$N+${}^{209}$Bi, ${}^{58,64,72}$Ni+${}^{198}$Pt near the Coulomb barrier energies. It is found that the neutron emission is the most probable in comparison with the charged particles and the $\alpha$ yields are comparable with the hydrogen isotopes in magnitude. The preequilibrium clusters are mainly produced from the projectile-like and target-like fragments in the evolution of dinuclear system. The kinetic energy spectra manifest the Boltzmann distribution and the Coulomb potential influences the structure. The preequilibrium clusters follows the angular distribution of multinucleon transfer fragments.