Emergent photons and mechanisms of confinement

We numerically study ${\mathbb{Z}}_N$ lattice gauge theories in 4D as prototypical models of systems with ${\mathbb{Z}}_N$ 1-$\mathit{\text{form}}\mathit{\text{symmetry}}$. For $N\ge 3$, we provide evidence that such systems exhibit not only the expected phases with spontaneously broken/restored symmetry but also a third photon phase. When present, the 1-form symmetry provides a precise notion of confinement, and it is commonly believed that confinement ensues due to the proliferation of extended, string-like objects known as $\mathit{\text{center}}\mathit{\text{vortices}}$, which carry a ${\mathbb{Z}}_N$ flux. However, this picture is challenged by the three-phase scenario investigated here. We show that both the confined and the photon phases are associated with the proliferation of center vortices and that the key difference between them lies in whether or not vortex-junctions - the $\mathit{\text{monopoles}}$ - proliferate.