On Queueing Theory for Large-Scale CI/CD Pipelines Optimization

Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines are central to modern software development. In large organizations, the high volume of builds and tests creates bottlenecks, especially under shared infrastructure. This article proposes a modeling framework based on queueing theory to optimize large-scale CI/CD workflows. We formalize the system using classical $M\mathrm{/}M\mathrm{/}c$ queueing models and discuss strategies to minimize delays and infrastructure costs. Our approach integrates theoretical results with practical techniques, including dynamic scaling and prioritization of CI/CD tasks.