Exotic periodic phenomena in the cohomology of the moduli stack of $1$-dimensional formal group laws

We describe some periodic structure in the cohomology of the moduli stack of 1-dimensional formal group laws, also known as the $E_2$-page of the classical Adams–Novikov spectral sequence. This structure is distinct from the familiar $v_n$-periodicities, and it displays interesting number-theoretic properties. Our techniques involve the $\mathbb{C}$-motivic Adams spectral sequence, and we obtain analogous periodic structure in $\mathbb{C}$-motivic stable homotopy.