Bayesian method for quantifying the non-Gaussian fluctuations in low-intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

In this work, we present a model-independent method to quantify the non-Gaussian fluctuations in the observable distributions, which are assessed by the difference between the measured observable distributions and reconstructed observable distributions via the Bayesian method. Our results indicate that the strength of non-Gaussian fluctuation increases with the beam energy, and is primarily driven by non-central collision mechanisms. The experimental measurement of the strength of non-Gaussian fluctuation of the observable distributions will provide valuable insights into understanding the nonequilibrium effects in heavy ion collisions and the liquid-gas phase transition in finite nuclei.