Complete classification of irreducible components of the Brill-Noether locus of rank-$2$ vector bundles of degree $d$ and speciality $2$ on a general $\nu$-gonal curve

This paper replaces the previous longer version and focuses on the specialty $2$ case. More precisely, in this paper we address the Brill-Noether theory for rank-two, degree $d$ stable bundles of speciality $2$ on a general $\nu$-gonal curve $C$ of genus $g$, $3\le \nu <\lfloor \frac{g+3}{2}\rfloor$, leveraging universal extension spaces, modular maps and recent developments in rank-one Brill-Noether theory over Hurwitz spaces on $C$. We completely classify the irreducible components of such Brill-Noether loci in the whole range of interest for $d$, namely $2g-2\le d\le 4g-4$. Using specialization techniques, we further uncover a stratification into locally closed subsets within some of these components, and we also provide additional insight into the birational geometry and the local structure of every such a component. Our methods yield descriptions of the irreducible components of any such Brill-Noether locus and, as a by-product of our more general results, also derive interesting consequences for Brill-Noether loci of stable, rank-two bundles with a fixed general determinant, rather than fixed degree.