What happens due to the baby universe effect in JT gravity? -Analysis of correlation functions and ERB length at late time using three approaches-

We analyze the correlation function in JT gravity using three approaches: by summing over all geodesics connecting boundary operators, integrating over the region of moduli space determined by the no-shortcut condition'' introduced by D.Stanford and Z.Yang, and using the formula for the universal spectral density correlation in the $τ$-scaling limit. We find that the behaviors of the three results coincide at late times: they all exhibit a ramp’’ instead of permanent decay. Using the third approach we also confirm that the ``plateau’’ appears after $T_H=2\pi e^{S_0}{\widehat{\rho }}_0(E)$. Overall, our results are consistent with the SFF analysis. We also calculate the ERB length $⟨\mathrm{\ell }(T)⟩$ using the three approaches and find that the results are in good agreement with each other. We also find that the $⟨\mathrm{\ell }(T)⟩$ grows as a cubic function in $T$ due to the contribution from geometry including one observable baby universe, and converges to a constant after $T=T_H$. For the geometry with one baby universe, we compute the size $⟨b(T)⟩$ of the baby universe and find that it is of the same order as $⟨\mathrm{\ell }(T)⟩$. This result is consistent with the baby universe emission mechanism claimed by P.Saad.