Quadratically enriched binomial coefficients over a finite field

We compute an analogue of Pascal’s triangle enriched in bilinear forms over a finite field. This gives an arithmetically meaningful count of the ways to choose $j$ ring homomorphisms into an algebraic closure from an étale extension of degree $n$. We also compute a quadratic twist. These (twisted) enriched binomial coefficients are defined in joint work of Brugallé and the second-named author, building on work of Serre. Such binomial coefficients support curve counting results over non-algebraically closed fields, using ${\mathbb{A}}^1$-homotopy theory.