Rotating random trees with Skorokhod's $M_1$ topology

We extend the classical coding of measured $\mathbb{R}$-trees by continuous excursion-type functions to càdlàg excursion-type functions through the notion of parametric representations. The main feature of this extension is its continuity properties with respect to the Gromov-Hausdorff-Prokhorov topology for $\mathbb{R}$-trees and Skorokhod’s $M_1$ topology for càdlàg functions. As a first application, we study the $\mathbb{R}$-trees ${\mathcal{T}}_{x^{(\alpha )}}$ encoded by excursions of spectrally positive $\alpha$-stable Lévy processes for $\alpha \in (1,2]$. In a second time, we use this setting to study the large-scale effects of a well-known bijection between plane trees and binary trees, the so-called rotation. Marckert has proved that the rotation acts as a dilation on large uniform trees, and we show that this remains true when the rotation is applied to large critical Bienaymé trees with offspring distribution attracted to a Gaussian distribution. However, this does not hold anymore when the offspring distribution falls in the domain of attraction of an $\alpha$-stable law with $\alpha \in (1,2)$, and instead we prove that the scaling limit of the rotated trees is ${\mathcal{T}}_{x^{(\alpha )}}$.