Nondegeneracy of bubble solutions to the Choquard equation in two dimension

In this paper, we study the following Choquard equation with exponential nonlinearity \begin{equation*} -Δu=\left(\int_{\R^{2}}\frac{e^{u(y)}}{|x-y|^α}dy\right)e^{u(x)},\quad $\text{ in }$\R^{2}, \end{equation*} where $\alpha \in (0,2)$. Although the classification of solutions to this equation has been established recently, the nondegeneracy of its solutions remains open. Here, we prove the nondegeneracy by combining the integral representation of solutions with the spherical harmonic decomposition. The main result of this paper can be viewed as an extension of the nondegeneracy of solutions for both the planar Liouville equation and the higher-dimensional upper critical Choquard equation.