On the Meissner state for type-II inhomogeneous superconductors

We consider extreme type-II superconductors modeled by the Ginzburg–Landau energy with a pinning term $a_{\epsilon }(x)$, which we assume to be a bounded measurable function such that $b\le a_{\epsilon }(x)\le 1$ for some constant $b>0$. A crucial feature of this type of superconductors is the occurrence of vortices, which appear above the so-called first critical field $H_{c_1}$. In this paper we estimate this value and characterize the behavior of the Meissner solution, the unique vortexless configuration that globally minimizes the energy below $H_{c_1}$. In addition, we show that beyond this value, for applied fields whose strength is slightly below the so-called superheating field $H_{sh}$, there exists a unique Meissner-type solution that locally minimizes the energy.