Theoretical design of nanocatalysts based on (Fe${}_2$O${}_3$)${}_n$ clusters for hydrogen production from ammonia

The catalytic activities of high-spin small Fe(III) oxides have been investigated for efficient hydrogen production through ammonia decomposition, using the Artificial Force Induced Reaction (AFIR) method within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP hybrid exchange-correlation functional. Our results reveal that the adsorption free energy of NH${}_3$ on (Fe${}_2$O${}_3$)${}_n$ ($n=1-4$) decreases with increasing cluster size up to $n=3$, followed by a slight increase at $n=4$. The strongest NH${}_3$ adsorption energy, 33.68 kcal/mol, was found for Fe${}_2$O${}_3$, where NH${}_3$ interacts with a two-coordinated Fe site, forming an Fe-N bond with a length of 2.11 Å. A comparative analysis of NH${}_3$ decomposition and H${}_2$ formation on various Fe(III) oxide sizes identifies the rate-determining steps for each reaction. We found that the rate-determining step for the full NH${}_3$ decomposition on (Fe${}_2$O${}_3$)${}_n$ ($n=1-4$) is size-dependent, with the NH${}^{\ast }$ $\rightleftharpoons$ N${}^{\ast }$ + 3H${}^{\ast }$ reaction acting as the limiting step for $n=1-3$. Additionally, our findings indicate that H${}_2$ formation is favored following the partial decomposition of NH${}_3$ on Fe(III) oxides.