Low Photon Number Non-Invasive Imaging Through Time-Varying Diffusers

Optical imaging plays a crucial role in advancing science and technology, enabling applications in fields ranging from biomedicine to astronomy. However, imaging through scattering media such as biological tissues, fog, or turbulent atmosphere remains a major challenge. Light scattering and absorption in such media make imaging challenging; in the case of time varying scatterers and low-light regime imaging has not been demonstrated so far. We present the first demonstration of non-invasive imaging of dim objects hidden behind dynamic scattering layers, obtaining robust reconstruction even at extremely low photon counts per frame. We achieve this by developing a new data-processing approach. In our experiment, we utilize a photon number resolving camera to capture a sequence of frames, containing on average, less than one photon per pixel. We validate our approach in microscopy, where we reconstruct images of biological samples stained with standard fluorescent dyes. Beyond microscopy, our approach can be applied in LIDAR systems for imaging through fog, and endoscopy using multimode and multicore fibers.