Sign changes along geodesics of modular forms

Given a compact segment, $\beta$, of a cuspidal geodesic on the modular surface, we study the number of sign changes of cusp forms and Eisenstein series along $\beta$. We prove unconditionally a sharp lower bound for Eisenstein series along a full density set of spectral parameters. Conditioned on certain moment bounds, we extend this to all spectral parameters, and prove similar theorems for cusp forms. The arguments rely in part on the authors’ mean square bounds [KKL24], and on removing the assumption of the Lindelöf hypothesis from recent work of Ki [Ki23].