The Heun equation and the Calogero-Moser-Sutherland system V: generalized Darboux transformations

We obtain isomonodromic transformations for Heun’s equation by generalizing Darboux transformation, and we find pairs and triplets of Heun’s equation which have the same monodromy structure. By composing generalized Darboux transformations, we establish a new construction of the commuting operator which ensures finite-gap property. As an application, we prove conjectures in part III.