Prime Power Residues and Blocking Sets

Let $q$ be a fixed odd prime. We show that a finite subset $B$ of integers, not containing any perfect $q^{th}$ power, contains a $q^{th}$ power modulo almost every prime if and only if $B$ corresponds to a blocking set (with respect to hyperplanes) in $\mathrm{P}\mathrm{G}({\mathbb{F}}_q^k)$. Here, $k$ is the number of distinct prime divisors of $q$-free parts of elements of $B$. As a consequence, the property of a subset $B$ to contain $q^{th}$ power modulo almost every prime $p$ is invariant under geometric $q$-equivalence defined by an element of the projective general linear group $\mathrm{P}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{L}({\mathbb{F}}_q^k)$. Employing this connection between two disparate branches of mathematics, Galois geometry and number theory, we classify, and provide bounds on the sizes of, minimal such sets $B$.