Rephase-Invariant CP-Violating Observables and Mixings in the $B^0$, $D^0$, $K^0$ Systems.

We present a general model-independent and rephase-invariant formalism that cleanly relates observables to the fundamental parameters and explicitly separates different types of CP violation in the $B^0$-, $D^0$- and $K^0$- systems. We emphasize its importance when interpreting experimental measurement of CP violation, the unitarity triangle, and probes of new physics.